POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE ONLINE PUBLIC ACCESS CATALOGUE (OPAC) IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

University library is built alongside with the parent institution of teaching, learning and research to serve the user community of lecturers, undergraduates and postgraduates’ students in providing all needed information resources for its intellectual development and nourishment. Scholarship revolves round the library therefore learning activities is practically impossible without it. University cannot exist without libraries since the university is meant to teach and carry out research, it therefore need the library to fulfill these. University libraries provide timely information in print and non print format to her community of users. These information resources cover all areas of knowledge that the University teaches. Academic libraries select, organize, preserve, disseminate and provide timely information to meet the educational needs of her users. By so doing they support the objectives of their parent institutions. According to Taiwo (2012) the primary objective of university of University libraries is to ensure maximum usage of resources and services by the users. University libraries provide cost effective information materials, reference and consultancy services and well equipped resources to meet the needs of a 21^st century user.

As clearly stated by Ekere (2014), for the undergraduates the library is supposed to provide information materials and services specifically designed to meet their needs. For the post graduate students, teaching staff and research fellows, the university library is supposed to provide information resources and services of sufficient quality and diversity. University libraries are concerned with the task of processing and providing access to information resources in order to support the aim and objectives of their parent institution and also for maximum usage by the user community. According Mole (2010), university libraries are central to the universities’ objective of promoting research and scholarship. This was stressed by (Singh and kaur (2009) that preservation and access to knowledge and information is the main mandate of academic libraries alongside supporting the mission of their parent institutions which is teaching and learning.

It is the duty of the library to organize the learning materials for academic learning and research into a form easily accessible to the user community. According to (Arinola, Adigun, Oladeji, and Adekunjo, 2012) university libraries being a local center for information – making a variety of information and knowledge available to its user, require a well-planned and good method of organizing and keeping the records of its materials. As stated by Kumar (2006), in order to fulfill their mission of supporting the educational objectives of their parent bodies, university libraries must carry out the following services: selection and acquisition of learning resources (both print and non-print), organization of acquired resources through cataloguing and classification (online and conventional), Reference and information services, documentation and Bibliographical services, user education programs, and consultancy services (Information Brokerage). The administration and management of university Library services are geared towards the actualization of the objectives of the parent institution.

Services offered by university libraries are categorized into two broad areas (public services and technical services). The key role of the university library is to acquire, organize, classify and catalogue, preserve and disseminate information material for the purpose of teaching research and learning in the university. To this effect, popoola (2008) assert that library resources is an organized collection of printed, non-printed, and other forms of recorded knowledge that satisfy the information needs of both present and future users. However, the organization of these information resources is made possible through the process of cataloguing and catalogue.

Cataloguing helps in organizing the content of a library into a form easily accessible to users. It gives the physical and content description to every information material both in (print and non-print) form that a library acquires with consideration to its location in the library. It is also known as the hub of librarianship. University libraries provide information services and access to users in multiple forms and formats. According to Ekere and Mole (2014) it is one of the core technical services offered by the university library as a process of describing each book and information material a library has. They also added that, it is the process of describing an item of a collection with the aim of determining its bibliographical attributes. Cataloguing as a service is focused or aimed at the organization of information resources (print and non-print) for speedy access and retrieval by the users. However, there are two major processes involved in cataloguing, descriptive (physical) cataloguing and subject (content) cataloguing. Descriptive cataloguing involves the systematic description of the physical attributes of materials (i.e. series, publisher, date and place, illustrations ISBN etc.). According to Mole (2010), subject cataloguing entails all the professional techniques or processes of identifying or choosing the subject and acceptable word from the acceptable standardize list.

The catalogues (card catalogue and online catalogue) can be achieved using two ways, either through conventional cataloguing i.e. manually or through the use of computer and the internet, known as online cataloguing. Conventional cataloguing which has dominated librarianship for a long time is a process of manual description of library items. According to the United States of America National Library of Medicine (2012) conventional cataloguing as the preparation of a bibliographic record from scratch, without the aid of a pre-existing catalogue record for the same edition, making it more time-consuming and tedious for the cataloguer than the online cataloguing. Catalogues are produced as a means of cataloguing either conventionally or contemporary all in a bid to provide easy and timely access to library holdings. The catalogue can exist in several formats, card catalogue or computerized catalogue.

However as a result of changing trends in society, users’ research needs, popularity of internet search engines, has led libraries to provide technologies that will grant quick access and retrieval of information materials. Also changing pattern in the information needs of users is changing rapidly as new technologies springs up daily. Therefore according to Okiy (2005), libraries are now expected to provide to users a range of information and communication technologies necessary for retrieving information quickly from both immediate and remote databases, hence the need for online catalogue public access catalogue.

The benefits of OPAC is enormous, as it saves the time of the cataloguer and user, maintain accuracy, maintain consistency, reduces duplication of efforts, error free data, collection of a library can be compared with another library collection. Also bibliographic details of catalogued resources of other libraries can be fully copied, knowledge creation is enhanced, and bibliographic data can be easily downloaded or copied resulting in more productivity and efficiency. It improves speed and ease of accessibility regardless of time and place. The online Public Access catalogue (OPAC) is one technology in todays’ library which provides easy and speedy access to any of the information contained in the record for an item in the library collection. It is a means that provides multiple retrieval features, serve users simultaneously, and give complete bibliographic details. It offers endless and limitless access and retrieval options to information seekers from teaching to learning and research. It grants quick and easy access to information resources and even more. The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is a modern and flexible form of online catalogue and it serves as an index to full-text information. OPAC is considerably more user friendly than a card catalogue since it provides variety of access points to the users than the card catalogue. As summed up by Thanuskodi (2012) an OPAC database records are usually derived from the MARC format. The records are brief bibliographic descriptions enriched with a small number of controlled Subject descriptors (often taken from the Library of Congress Subject Headings) and a classification number (usually a Library of Congress or a Dewey decimal class number). The online public access catalogue offers users with more than just subject, author and title search options rather with options like ISBN, ISSN, keywords, barcode, year of publication etc. OPAC serves all types of users found in the university such as the undergraduates, postgraduates, (researchers) and academic staff. However for the purpose of this study the users will be the postgraduate students.

The postgraduate students’ are those individuals who have completed a Bachelor first degree in a university but seek to continue in in depth research on a specific discipline and extend the current state of knowledge and expertise. Postgraduate students’ information needs range from succinct information resources to active and purposeful information search in order to prepare for seminars, workshops and final research papers (Ojiboye and Tella 2007). Their research work results in thesis and dissertations which is assessed by independent experts in the field. Postgraduate students are distinct, in perception and opinion, ICT literacy and skill, background, age, subject interests, discipline and also research information needs as well as OPAC use. This study will specifically investigate the perception of post graduate students on the public access catalogue. In a university library the post graduate students (researchers), and teaching staff make use of the library overall information resources for their intellectual development and academic excellence as well as teaching and instructional aids.

A user is one who makes use of all information resources that is already available in the library to satisfy his/her information needs.

In a university library users are the last links or the recipient of the information in the communication cycle. According to Whittaker (1999) a user may be defined as a person who uses one or more library resources. The duty of the library is more important to convert non-users into habitual users through services such as the online public access catalogue (OPAC), providing them with easy, timely, access to meet their specific information needs. This study seeks to unravel their opinions as to what they perceive of OPAC. This will in turn give necessary fundamental guidelines to university libraries on how to serve the various types of user groups available in the parent institution with specific information needs. By so doing the university library will be meeting the information research and curriculum needs of its students, faculty and staff and for continuous promotion of academic excellence through the right perception of the user community. In this study, the users will be the post graduate students of the selected universities with focus on determining their perception of OPAC.

Perception can be referred to as the way we try to understand the world around us. We gather information through our sense organs but perception adds meaning to these sensory inputs. For one to accept and utilize a concept or technology he/she must first perceive before responding either negatively or positively thereafter. Perceptions guide the choices we make and the decisions we take. Our behavior or attitude towards an object will determine whether we accept or reject an idea or concept before even utilizing such. In support to this, Nathan and Eleanor (2011), defined perception as an individual’s tendency to evaluate an object as positive and negative. Perception satisfies personal motive and at same time affects the acceptance and use habits of users. Attitude opinion or perception starts with a user’s beliefs, awareness, his consciousness to the existence of a product or service which later leads to his/her acceptance or rejection of such depending on his negative or positive beliefs. As similarly upheld by Lars (2012), perception is simply a composite of a user’s beliefs, feelings and behavioral intentions toward some object within the context of information. A user can hold negative or positive beliefs or feelings toward a product or service. This behavioral intention is defined by the users belief or feeling with respect to the product or service (Alsamydai et al, 2014). They affirmed that “perception is a psychological ability to evaluate an object with some degree of favor or disfavor” (2013).

Postgraduate students hold negative or positive perceptions of what they perceive OPAC to be. The positive perception held by postgraduate on OPAC is that it provides them with quick limitless search and retrieval options ranging from title, subject, keyword, author, to ISBN, ISSN, barcode etc. as against the card catalogue with only three options. Similarly Omoike (2014) presented the following reasons as being responsible for the positive perception of users on OPAC; it allows patron to use search strategies that exceeds those that can be used with card catalogue, and in addition, users can extend their search by using Boolean operator. Anjan et al (2013) supported the above by stating that with OPAC, users can access and retrieve library materials simultaneously, show the status and position of each document etc., these functionalities has triggered positive reactions and attitudes of the postgraduate students’ perception on the OPAC.

Negative perception held by users towards OPAC is because most postgraduate students lack computer and ICT skill which is one of the requirements for operating OPAC, this clearly sets them off. As Daniel (1999) stated clearly that lack of skill using the internet affects the effective use and causes negative perception of OPAC. Another reason why postgraduate students hold negative views about OPAC is due to the inaccuracy of the system. A user finds bibliography records on OPAC system but cannot retrieve such from the shelves, this is because OPACs are not linked with neither the materials on the shelves or the library e-resources. According to Creaser and Davies (2006), they clearly stated that attitudes of users towards OPAC, is because OPAC systems are not linked to other electronic resources such as e-journals. As most OPACs do not have these facilities and once users found the location of a book, the procedure of how to get hold of the book or journal is vague resulting to their negative perception. However, notwithstanding the varying postgraduate students’ perception on OPAC, this study seeks to empirically determine what their specific perception is. Be it negative or positive, this research will unravel the truth at the end of the study.

The study of user’s perception has become an indispensable tool for the success and survival of the library products and services as well as the effective and efficient dissemination of information to users of the 21^st century especially in this contemporary society of information explosion. The implication is that perception prepares the user/individual to evaluate a specific issue (OPAC) positively or negatively (idea, product or service) (Alsamydai Rudaina, 2005). Therefore in order for OPAC to command a positive perception and patronage in university libraries amongst post graduate students certain requirements and necessities must be put in place to trigger this positive response.

Globally, the online catalogues, OPAC and WEB OPAC since the 1980 has been the principal tool through which library users came to know about the content of libraries and the tool for the efficient retrieval of library resources. However, owing to the fast information seeking society prevalent today with sophisticated technological development in meeting up with the current standard, OPAC have been replaced by a new generation of information retrieval (IR) called Discovery system. According to Breeding (2015), discovery systems are services used by an aggregated central index to enable search across a wide range of library related resources both licensed and free from multiple providers. They offer more sophisticated capabilities and faster performance than OPAC.

More so, with the central index as a single point of access to the entire library collections, Discovery systems offer services such as: Ex LIBRIS primo, serial solutions summon, EBSCO discovery service and OCLC World cat etc. These have been adopted at a rapid pace across the globe and thousands of university libraries such as: Harvard University Library, the University of Texas library, Virginia Technology libraries amongst others are making their local and global collections available to users through such systems. Major vendors for discovery system are; Ex LIBRIS Primo service, OCLC world cat discovery service, EBSCO discovery service etc. Strikingly, the content indexed by discovery system is formatted much better than that indexed by Google. Like web search engines, discovery system does not assume great searching expertise on the part of users, who may submit queries that yield large result set. Nevertheless, many librarians do not endorse these systems (Breeding, 2007).

Academic Libraries worldwide have increased their holdings of electronic information and automated their operations but in Africa, digital development has been uneven. In 2004, International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publication (INASP), commissioned a survey of the current status of digital libraries in sub Saharan Anglophone Africa in order to draw conclusions on where the future development can be made. Over the past five years’ enormous progress has been made in ensuring that students in universities of Africa can access the growing quantity of information resources now produced in electronic format made accessible through online catalogue by setting up necessary networked infrastructure database software and hardware. Some libraries in developing countries have fully automated their cataloguing process; others remain manually organized. Some libraries automated years ago have not been able to migrate or upgrade to new system thereby offering limited access services to their users.

According to studies conducted by Mahmood (2008) where he analyzed features and functions of 16 indigenous Web OPAC they were at an initial stage of development and offered basic facilities to users. He highlights the absence of MARC format and Z39.50 protocol in web OPAC, an essential aspect of shared cataloguing. He reported that only 45% of Libraries in developing countries consider their internet connectivity to be adequate or above in speed and reliable while 31% of libraries are connected to university networks. OPAC is used in developing countries like India, studies reveal that although OPAC provides basic search options and a function, evaluating the checklist features indicates shortcomings that continue to persist among them. System designers have not exploited the latest technology inputs for better utilization of OPAC. Therefore, these developing countries have to rethink the application of advanced web technology to make the online catalogue (OPAC) efficiently functional and usable. Conversely, a few university libraries in countries like Botswana, Dares salaam, Namibia, Zimbabwe etc. are moving towards the establishment of online catalogue OPAC. Ten university libraries have developed a web-based OPAC, three offer combined searching of all e-resources and three have started e-content delivery through VLEs. In Zambia and Malawi, comments and pleas to phase out support for the purchase of these e-resources gradually and for staggered donations for computers so they do not wear out at the same time have been made while in Uganda, the consortium has stressed the need to first ensure that all university libraries in the country have the basic ICT facilities mostly OPAC.

The University of Uyo found in Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria is South-South zone. It started as Cross River State University (UNICROSS) in 1983. However, in 1991, the university was taken over by the federal government of Nigeria and renamed university of Uyo (UNIUYO). Presently the library operates a multi-campus library system on four campuses-three campus libraries at the town campus, Annex campus, main campus, and fourteen resource centers that cut across the four campuses. The university population is about 25,000 with twelve faculties, 82 departments, and 108 subject specializations, 25,000 book volumes and over 10,000 periodicals titles, online database with over 6 million e-books and 2 million e-journals in the major disciplines. Since 2007, the university library took the decision to automate the collection with the implementation of the strategic library automation and management software (SLAM) indigenous software, creating UNIUYO online public access catalogue OPAC. Library users have long since been able to log on into the online catalogue using the author, title and subject entries. Thereafter, UNIUYO adapts kaloyanova (2012), proposed standard for (KOHA) manual on cataloguing. In cataloguing workflow, the first step for cataloguing in (KOHA) starts with (OPAC) search to original cataloging or creating items. After the development of the (UUSH) University of Uyo subject heading knowledge organization system, the library was networked. The focus was on the cataloguing modules with the aim of converting all the bibliographic records from manual to electronic data using the software access through online catalogue (OPAC). Existing bibliographic records were converted to MARC. At present the UUSH, holds over 6 million print and e-books and 2 million print and e-journals in the major disciplines at different libraries. In the year 2013 the later library migrated to the open source library management software (KOHA).

The University of Port Harcourt which is known as Donald E. U. Ekong library (DEUE) was founded in 1975 and built in the state capital of Rivers State. The library started out with 3,000 volumes and 78 periodicals now holds about 130,000 volumes. The library subscribes to over 10 databases through which it provides users access to a large collection of peer reviewed journals. It has a functional cataloguing section which processes, manages and organizes the collection for easy access by the universities clientele. The library provides also knowledge commons for postgraduates carrying out research. Elsevier foundation is used for training and providing easy access to the electronic resources available in the library. Internet access, wireless hotspot is available in the library in the knowledge and research common halls. Also this service extends around the library premises.

The University of Calabar operates two libraries. The manual and the digital library. The manual library is for all students and the Graduate e/digital library is only opened to the postgraduate students. The focus of this study will be the digital library. The Graduate students’ e/digital library was donated to the University by the Calabar Deep Offshore Community Affairs Group (DOCAG), NNPC.

However, on the 5^th of September 2014, the University of Calabar Graduate Digital Library was commissioned and open to all university registered postgraduate students. Since then, the library has provided access to a number of electronic resources to her researchers. The library offers 24 hours, 7 days’ access via intranet or internet to her researchers in the parent institution. The digital library has varied amount of digital materials and subscribed to other digital libraries (University of Calabar Graduate School 2014).

Statement of the Problem

Notwithstanding, the fact that many university libraries have made provision for the online public access catalogue (OPAC), the glaring truth is that users hold varying perceptions about what they perceive OPAC to be. More so, though OPAC offers enormous benefits such as multiple search options and quick access to information materials the reaction, attitude, experience and perception of students (users) towards the online public access catalogue has not been investigated to the best of the researcher’s knowledge. Therefore the problem of this study is to empirically determine postgraduate students’ perception of the online Public Access catalogue in federal university libraries in South-South Nigeria. There is need to change the general perception that the library brand is still books and not electronic.

When it comes to research the library has lost the primary position of providing timely information to users when compared to its counterparts. The online public access catalogue is the only technology that can retain the library’s rightful position in our contemporary society. This can be achieved by studying the perception of the user community that we serve. By taking into consideration their opinion, attitude, behavior and perception towards our services and products in general and OPAC specifically. The library management and all information professionals can use this study to assess and evaluate how much they have been able or not able to satisfy the user by providing the academic community with the rightful needed information. Which is why this study is needful if the library must be relevant in today’s contemporary society of information explosion.

However, studies have shown that individual perception of the OPAC or any other concept varies from negative to positive. Therefore the reason for this study is to empirically determine the exact perception postgraduate students have of the online public access catalogue.

The advent of Online Public Access catalogue (OPAC) has revolutionized traditional accessibility to information resources as a result of, information and communication technology making library resources available to users regardless of time, space, and distance. Online public access catalogue have provided academic libraries with more effective access and retrieval to bibliographic information. Through capabilities that are impossible to the manual catalogue. OPAC motivates users; it’s easy to use, quick retrieval, quick access, equips them with problem solving and information retrieval skills and provides them with lifelong learning experiences. Online Public Access Catalogue has reined enforced a positive attitude about the library by improving the image of the catalogue. It supports new means of information retrieval by introducing library users to global information in contrast to the limited conventional catalogue.

However, despite the enormous benefits of OPAC over the card catalogue on the library and specifically the user community, OPAC is more popular among librarians than users. The Online public access catalogue has been designed with great simplicity, flexibility, accessibility, speed, accuracy etc. to help facilitate quick retrieval of succinct information materials needed by postgraduate students for research, academic development and excellence, yet users’ perception and experiences while using OPAC is unknown. Thus, the need for this study to fill in the gap that exist in knowledge by providing society with the rightful existing perception that postgraduate students hold concerning OPAC in federal Universities in South-South region of Nigeria.

Purpose of the Study

The general purpose of the study is to determine postgraduate students’ perception of the online public access catalogue in selected university libraries in South-South, Nigeria.

The specific objective of the study includes to:

Determine the extent of the awareness of OPAC benefits among post graduate students in federal university libraries in South-South, Nigeria.
Determine the extent to which post graduate students use OPAC in the federal university libraries in the South-South.
Determine postgraduate students’ user perception on the Online Public Access Catalogue in federal university libraries in South-South, Nigeria.
Identify the resources made available for the effective utilization of the online catalogue among post graduate students in federal university libraries in South-South, Nigeria.
Identify the factors responsible for postgraduate students’ user perception of OPAC in South-South university libraries.
Suggest strategies for improving postgraduate students’ user perception of OPAC

Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study.

What is the extent of the awareness of OPAC benefits among post graduate students in the federal university libraries in South-South?
What is the extent to which OPAC has been utilized by Post graduate students in the federal university libraries of Nigeria?
What is postgraduate students’ user’s perception of the Online Public access Catalogue in South-South federal University libraries Nigeria?
What are the resources made available for effective and efficient utilization of OPAC by post graduate students in the federal university libraries in South-South Nigeria?
What are the factors responsible for the user perception of online catalogue OPAC in South-South university libraries?
What are the strategies for improving post graduate students’ user perception in the federal university libraries in South-South Nigeria?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study are expected to be of great benefits to the following;

Library management, Researchers, Users, Cataloguers and students of cataloguing.

The study will expose the library management to the danger of negative perception by the users of online public access catalogue and the need for positive attitude and perception of OPAC by the user community. The findings of the study could also be referred to for information on how to improve services in satisfying the user efficiently. It will help policy makers in the area of library management to ensure consistent assessment and re-evaluation of the perception of the user community resulting to greater patronage of library resources and services.

Results from this study anticipates to support researchers with relevant literature for further research and study on the user perception of the online public access catalogue and related areas of user study by learning new discoveries and findings that this study will unfold regarding the opinions attitudes users have towards OPAC specifically and library services in general. Understanding the way users think and feel towards the services we offer as librarians will reveal the secrets to getting them to accept and maximally utilize library products thereby turning them to addictive library users.

Users who have long desire timely and easier means of accessing library resources will find this study helpful. It will answer all user questions concerning how to find materials in the library university using OPAC different search and retrieval options for instance title, subject, ISSN, ISBN, keyword, barcode, year of publication, which offer quick search and discovery possibilities than the card catalogue.

The study is expected to be beneficial to cataloguers in finding ways or strategies to enhance effective usability of online catalogues by the library Users, by having online catalogues designed in simple clear formats that will ensure fewer complexities, in order to encourage more use. To this end, contemporary librarians need to acquire the required competencies for the efficient provision of OPAC.

The findings resulting from this study could no doubt aid the students of cataloguing in their field of discipline to abreast themselves of the prevalent trend in their profession. This will vividly present the problems of users with the OPAC technology, its unpopularity amongst library users. This will help prepare the future librarians and OPAC designers to create online catalogue with friendlier user interface, create awareness etc. to consider the opinion and perception of users when designing OPAC.

Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is limited to federal universities in their perception of online catalogue with focus on university libraries in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Federal universities operating online public access catalogue OPAC and those offering post graduate degrees will be considered as the only participants for the research. The main target of the audience is the postgraduate students who carry out in depth research and also happen to be the ardent or habitual users of the library, searching for information materials for their thesis references for proposals and research report work.

The study focused on University of Calabar (UNICAL), University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT), and University of Uyo (UNIUYO).

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