A SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON DYSENTERY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ----------------------------------------------------------------------- i

Table of contents --------------------------------------------------------------- ii

Abstract -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

Chapter One -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Introduction - -------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Chapter Two -- ------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Symptoms --- ------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Symptoms ofBacillary dysentery----------------------------------------6

Symptoms of bacillary dysentery---------------------------------------- 7

Chapter Three---- ----------------------------------------------------------- 5

Causes----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

Complications--------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

Chapter Four--------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

Treatment and Prevention-------------------------------------------------------- 12

Chapter Five---------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

Conclusion- -----------------------------------------------------------------16

Recommendations---------------------------------------------------------- 20

References- -----------------------------------------------------------------------21

ABSTRACT

Many people have spent a tropical vacation with a bad stomach bug. They might have had dysentery, a painful intestinal infection that is usually caused by bacteria or parasites. Dysentery is defined as diarrhea in which there is blood, pus, and mucous, usually accompanied by abdominal pain. There are two main types of dysentery. The first type, amoebic dysentery or intestinal amoebiasis, is caused by a single-celled, microscopic parasite living in the large bowel. The second type, bacillary dysentery, is caused by invasive bacteria. Both kinds of dysentery occur mostly in hot countries. Poor hygiene and sanitation increase the risk of dysentery by spreading the parasite or bacteria that cause it through food or water contaminated from infected human feces. Dysentery can have a number of causes. Bacterial infections are by far the most common causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria. The frequency of each pathogen varies considerably in different regions of the world. For example, shigellosis is most common in Latin America while Campylobacter is the dominant bacteria in Southeast Asia. Dysentery is rarely caused by chemical irritants or by intestinal worms.

The main symptom of dysentery is frequent near-liquid diarrhea flecked with blood, mucus, or pus.

Antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole* and iodoquinol, are commonly used to treat dysentery caused by amoebiasis. Antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, or azithromycin are used to treat the organisms causing bacillary dysentery. People with prolonged diarrhea should consult with their doctor. If you travel, you should carry a one- to three-day self-treatment antibiotic regimen such as ciprofloxacin and use it in the case of sudden moderate-to-severe diarrhea illness.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Dysentery is an intestinal inflammation, primarily of the colon. It can lead to mild or severe stomach cramps and severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in the feces.

Without adequate hydration, it can be fatal. Infection with the Shigella bacillus, or bacterium, is the most common cause.

There are two main types of dysentery. The first type, amoebic dysentery or intestinal amoebiasis, is caused by a single-celled, microscopic parasite living in the large bowel.

The second type, bacillary dysentery, is caused by invasive bacteria. Both kinds of dysentery occur mostly in hot countries. Poor hygiene and sanitation increase the risk of dysentery by spreading the parasite or bacteria that cause it through food or water contaminated from infected human feces.

Fast facts on dysentery:

Here are some key points about dysentery. More detail is in the main work.

What is dysentery?

Dysentery is an infectious disease associated with severe diarrhea.

In the United States, signs and symptoms are normally mild and usually disappear within a few days. Most people will not seek medical attention.

If a person seeks medical help for dysentery in the U.S., however, the authorities must be informed. It is a notifiable disease.

Each year worldwide, there are between 120 million and 165 million cases of Shigella infection, of which 1 million are fatal. Over 60 percent of these fatalities are children under 5 years old in developing countries.

Making the Diagnosis

If a doctor suspects dysentery, a stool sample usually will be required for analysis. For bacterial infections such as shigella, the diagnosis is made by culture of the stool. Unfortunately, such cultures are not available in most developing countries and the diagnosis is made clinically on the basis of symptoms. Amoebiasis is often diagnosed by finding parasites under a microscope. An antibody blood test helps to confirm the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery or liver abscess.

The E. histolytica has an identical "twin brother," Entamoeba dispar, a harmless amoeba that looks identical to E. histolytica under the microscope. It never produces symptoms and does not require treatment. In developing countries, the distinction is not usually made - individuals found to have amoebae in their stools are treated whether or not it is clear that the infection is causing symptoms. Of those diagnosed with amoebae in their stools, 90% have the harmless E. dispar.

Dysentery is an infection of the intestinal tract.
Symptoms include stomach cramps and diarrhea
Many people have mild symptoms, but dysentery can be fatal without adequate hydration....

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