ENHANCED ANTI-MALARI EFFECTS OF CHLOROQUINE BY METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF MANGINFER INDIA IN CHOLOQUINE RESISTANT PLASMODIUM YOELI IN MICE

CHAPTER ONE

Malaria is a public health problem of which about 300-500 million people experience and 1.4-2million accounts for 30%-50% morbidity and 25% mortality in infants (Idown et al; 2010). During the past 30 years, malaria parasites especially Plasmodium falciparum have rapidly developed resistance to commonly used antimalarial drugs (Idown et al; 2010).

Antimalarial drug resistance is one of the greatest challenges of malaria therapy. Many commonly used antimalarial drugs are chemically related such that development of resistance to others. For example, cross-resistance between the 4 aminoqunolines, chloroquine and amodiaquine has been reported.(Bloland, 2001).

As a result of ineffectiveness of commonly use of alternative medicine either exclusively or along with conventional medicines have become a common feature. This situation is prevented in developing tropical countries where modern medicine are not affordable to a majority of the rural populations (Kremsner and Kririna, 2004). Up to 80% of African population use traditional medicine especially plant remedies in the management of diseases increasing malaria (WHO, 2002).

Often antimalaria herbal therapies are used concurrently, prior or after the use of conventional antimalarial drugs in West Africa. Very few reports are available on the interaction of herbal antimalarial products with synthesis drugs.

One of such reports indicates that some local African populations use herbal products in combination with chloroquine for enhancement of activity (Rasoanaivo et al; 1998).

More so, the use of combination of two or more drugs a ways delaying or overcoming development of drug resistance is topical in malarial unemothexapy research (WHO,2000). Antimalarial combination therapy is widely advocated because combination therapy can increase efficacy, shorten duration of treatment hence improve compliance in addition to reduction in the risk of resistance parasites arising through mutation during therapies (WHO, 2000).

Thus, many rural dwellers depend more on herbs and other forms of traditional medicines for cure. There are many of these plants not yet identified and classified scientifically. (Idowu et al; 2010).

Mangifera indica (mango) tree which is believed to be native of Asia is a member of the Anacardianeae family (Nwinuka et al; 2008). It is grown widely in different parts of Africa, especially in the southern part of Nigeria. Mangifera indica is used medically to treat ailments such as asthma, cough, diarrhea, Dysentry, Jaundice, pains and malaria (Agoha, 1981; Madungu et al; 1990). Mangifera indica contain alkaloids and glycosides which are of great importance pharmacologically (Madunagu et al ; 1990; Ross and Brain,1977). Magifera. This conferred on Mangifera indica, its medicinal ability.

Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the possible effects of methanol leaf extract of indica co-administered with chlorioquine against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium yoelii in mice in other to ascertain the possibility of mangifera indica enhancing the efficancy of chloroquine, the safest and cheapest antimalarial drug against chloroquine resistant starms of plasmodium.

The emergency and spread of Plasmodium flaciparium with resistant to chloroqunie, the safest and cheapest antimalarial drug coupled with the increase cost of alternative drug especially in developing countries have necessitated the need to optimize antimalarial action of plant extracts as alternative therapy and to reverse the efficacy of chloroquine against the resistance malaria parasite.

Enthnobotical study and traditional folklore has indicated antiplamodical promice of Mngifera indica leaf against chloroquine sensitive plasmodium Spp. The anti-plasmodial effect of this leaf co-administered with chloroquine against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium yoelii will serve as useful information for scientific study commonly on the potential of Mangifera indica leaf to enhance the efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of chloroquine resistant malaria.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the antimalaria activity of co-administration of methanol leaf extract of Mangifera indica and chloroquine against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium yoelii in mice.

The specific objective includes:

1. INTRODUCTION
1. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SYUDY
1. AIM OF THE STUDY
1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To specific suppressive antimalaria effect of methanol leaf extract of Mangifera indica co-administered with chloroquine in chloroquine resistance Plasmodium yeolii infected mice.
2. To compare the effect of the standard antimalarial drug (artmeter lumenfantrin with the leaf extract
3. To determine selected hematological indices level of malarial infected mice treated with methanol leaf extract of Mangifera indica and chloroquine
4. To investigate membrane stabilization effect of methanol leaf extract of Mangifera indica using standard protocol.

Back To All Departments Project Topics and Materials »

If you have any Project Material or E-Book(s) and you want us to help you market it on our Website and you will earn money from sales,

Submit it Here!

RECENT BLOG POSTS
(Latest News Updates, Tutorials, ETC)

2025 NECO AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025 NECO Agricultural Science Questions & Answers (Essay and Objectives answers) ...

Read More �

2025 NECO FURTHER MATHEMATICS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025 NECO Further Mathematics Questions & Answers (Essay and Objectives anwsers) ...

Read More �

2025 NECO CHRISTIAN RELIGION STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
2025 NECO Christian Religion Studies Questions & Answers, crk, crs, irs, irk, neco, neco 2025, ...

Read More �

HOW TO CONNECT WHM AND CPANEL TO WHMCS
2025 NECO ECONOMIC ESSAY AND OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS...

Read More �

2025 NECO CIVIC EDUCATION QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
2025 NECO Civic Education Questions and Answers (ESSAY AND OBJECTIVES) ...

Read More �

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC UGEP ADMISSION SCREENING FORM 2024/2025
This is to inform the general public that the registration for 2024/2025 academic session Post Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (Post UTME) of Federal Polytechnic Ugep will commence on Monday 2nd September, 2024 and end on Monday 30th September, 2024....

Read More �

WHY DOCTORATE THESIS RESEARCH?
Why Doctorate Thesis research: The central purpose of a PhD thedis is to produce new, original insights that advance the body of knowledge in a particular academic discipline...

Read More �

HOW TO MAKE MONEY WITH E-MATERIAL PROGRAMME
In this programme, you can earn as much as 60% of the value of the material while we help you promote the material for sale. This is just an added way of making money with your material and does not stop you from your other marketing campaigns....

Read More �

HOW TO INSTALL VTU PORTAL CREATING SOFTWARE
Below are the steps to follow in Installing VTU Portal creating software. Download VTU Portal Creator from the purchase link and upload it to your Cpanel directory. Login to your site cpanel e.g. www.yoursite.com/cpanel. Open File manager ......

Read More �

HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN VTU WEBSITE FROM SCRATCH
Below is a list of things you will need to create your VTU website from scratch: A Domain Name, A Web Hosting Account/Space, A Website Template or Wordpress, A Text Editor, A Laptop, Desktop, or Smart Phone, A VTU Portal Creating Software, A reliable internet connection, A VTU business Account...

Read More �