AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORIAL DESIGN ON THE YEILDS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF CASSAVA IN NATIONAL ROOT CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Cassava is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root which grows in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is also a herbaceous plant which grows up to 3-5m in height.

Cassava originated from Brazil and Paraguay (Tropical America) and seems to be adaptable and can grow under different ecological conditions. It was first introduced into Africa around the Congo Basin by the Portuguese about the year 1558. Today, it has spread throughout different parts of the world and is now one of the most important food crop worldwide.

It is rich in carbohydrate, calcium, vitamin B and C and some essential minerals but a poor source of protein. The cassava root is long and tapered, with a firm homogeneous flash encased in a detachable raid about 1mm thick, rough and brown on the outside. Commercial varieties can be 5-10cm in diameter at the top and about 15-30cm long a woody carbon runs along the root axis.

Cassava is used as a staple food. It is the richest source of starch of all food plants, containing up to ten-times as much starch as corn and twice as much as protein. This starch is used as adhesive in glass industries. It is also an important raw material in paper making, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals industries. However, nutrient composition differs according to varieties, the age at which the crop is harvested, soil conditions, climate and other environmental factors during and after cultivations. It is tolerant of insect pests and disease, and is very tolerant of drought and heat stress.

Cassava is a labour intensive crop and does not achieve its yield potential due primarily to disease and limited inputs such as fertilizer and irrigation. Estimates of the food and agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT, 2011) put world production of cassava at more than 230 million metric tones annually.

Major producers of cassava include Nigeria (37.5 million tones per annum), Brazil (24.5 million tones per annum) and Thailand (22.0 million tones per annum).

Among the objectives of the root and tuber crops programme at the Gladstone road agricultural center are to identify high yielding cassava varieties, to evaluate and preserve cassava germplasm and to provide quality planting material for local farmers. However, very little documented in formation on the performance of cassava on the calcareous soils of Nigeria, under improved agronomic practices, is available. With the present study, efforts will be made to evaluate existing varieties and new introductions for their yield potential under local conditions. Thus cassava production in Nigeria could be improved through the introduction of improved varieties and the adoption of improved agronomic practices.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Cassava, with botanical name: Manihotesculenta, and common names: Cassava, manioc, tapioca, AkpuAbachaetc, belongs to the family: Euphorbiacae. There are different species of cassava: Guso, KME 2, Katsunga etc.

Cassava is of great important to both man and other animals (livestock, domestic animals etc) because of ties varieties of uses which are:

However, the entire plant is poisonous, if consumed raw, due to its linamrin content, a pre-cursor of cyanide glycosides. Even a relative amount can be fatal. Thus, the roots are to be detoxified i.e. rendered edible by fermenting, heating, drying or boiling depending on what product to be made from it.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The scarcity of “garri”, a product of cassava especially in this period of economic recession in Nigeria is what propelled me to carry out this research because about 5-10years ago, a bag of garri was sold between 5-8 thousand, but now a bag of garri is sold between 25-30 thousand naira. Also garri was sold at the rate of 8cups = N100 but now, it is being sold at 3-4 cups = N100.

Also cassava which is enriched with carbohydrate and vitamins has not yet been given the maximum attention it requires in research work amongst other root crops so as to increase its uses both at small and large scale production in Nigeria. However, in other to meet the anticipated demand for the increasing population of Nigeria, there is a great need for Nigerians to embark on production of cassava at large scale with appropriate species of cassava that will give the maximum yield so as to meet the demands of the increasing population in Nigeria

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objective of this study is to compare the yields of four cassava varieties (Guso, Katsunga, Blue Mountain or KME 2 and Haitain Stick or KME 61 and to ascertain the specie with the highest yield among them so as to answer some research question and make adequate recommendations and give advice to farmers on the specie to cultivate most in other to increase cassava production in Nigeria. Also to predict annual cassava yield based on the findings.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions of this works are as follows:

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study tries to reveal the appropriate variety of cassava to be planted that will yield maximum tubers to both small and large scale cassava producers thereby enhancing the availability of cassava in Nigeria and generate income for the producers and revenue for the government.

It will also serve as a guide to government policy makers while making policies or decisions concerning food security in the country.

It will equally serve as a base for other researchers who may want to carry out further research on cassava production.

STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

In this project, we are going to carry out the following hypothesis tests.

H_o_[O1]: t₁ = t₂ = t₃ = t₄

H_i_[O2][O3] : t₁ ≠ t₂ ≠ t₃ ≠ t₄i.e. at least one of the means yields is not equal to others.

H_o: σ₁² = σ₂² = σ₃²

H1: σ_i² ≠ σ_j² (v_i = j)

This research work covers four different types of cassava species in Nigeria which are (Guso, Katsunga, KME 2 or Blue mountain and KME 61 or Haitan stick) and the data was collected from National Root Crop Research Institute, Umudike, Abia State (from 2011 - 2015).

LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS

In the course of this research work, I encountered series of problems which limited the scope of the project. Such problems are:

1. GUSO: A better yield than the other species
2. KATSUNGA: The leaves test like wide lettuce when cooked.
3. KME 2: Very sweet and less fibrous with low cyanide content.
4. KME 61: this type bitters and more fibrous than KME 2.
1. YUCCA FRITA: Cassava is mostly fried and offered as a side dish in Latin America.
2. In Panama, “Yucca” is used in “Sancocho”, a stuffed cassava fritter which is normally stuffed with cheese, meat or chicken and then fried.
3. Cassava is widely used in western countries as tapioca which is a flavourless starchy ingredient used as thickening agent in foods. It is used in many gluten-free food Tapioca is also used to make tapioca pudding and is a major ingredient in the popular bubble tea, (Taiwan drink).
4. In Nigeria, cassava is used to make the following:
5. Garri: A kind of cassava porridge which made by heating grated and fermented cassava tubers. The garri porridge is served with soup; the garri flour can equally be consumed as “cassa”, a mixture of garri flour, cold water, milk, sugar and other ingredients. In addition, cassava is also processed into “Abacha”, a very nutritious food common to the eastern part of Nigeria especially Anambra and Enugu.
6. “Fufu” or “Akpu”: The cassava roots are soaked in an earthen pot and allowed for three or four days to ferment, after which, it is served, cooked, and pounded.
7. It is fermented and distilled to produce ethanol which is mixed with petrol or used on its own as transport fuel.
8. It is used as a base for alcoholic beverages, and industrial alcohol which is very important in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
9. Cassava is processed into flour which can be used as a substitute for wheat flour (cassava flour offers several benefits one of which is that, it is completely glutton-free).
10. Cassava-starch-extracted from cassava roots is used by food industries as well as paper glass and textile industries.
11. Cassava is also used as animal feed and supplies a lot of calories of energy to animals.
1. Which specie of cassava gives the highest yield?
2. Are the mean yields of the four chosen cassava species significantly different from each other.
1. Equality of the treatment means:
- Equality of variance
1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1. Incompleteness of the required data: The agency from the data for this research work was gotten could not provide data on cassava yield for the year 2015.
2. Finance: In the course of collecting the data used for this research work, a reasonable amount was spent on transportation from school to the area of data collection and back to school.
3. Time: The research was time consuming as I was subjected to series of protocols before I could gain access to the needed data and also because the project was carried out along with other academic activities, time could not let me cover more than I did.
4. Another problem which I encountered was the absence of the officer-in-charge of the data. I had to go there several times because I could have access to the data.
1. DEFINITION OF TERMS
2. Yield: The amount of profit or output that something especially crops produces.
3. Agriculture: The work of growing crops and rearing animals on the farm for use by man.
4. Macro-Nutrients: These are nutrients that the body uses in relatively large amount e.g. protein, carbohydrate etc.
5. Species: This is a group into which animals, plants etc that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
6. Stable Carbohydrate: This is a food that is eaten routinely in such quantity that it constitute a dominant portion of a standard diet in a given population.
7. Experiment: This is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying or establishing the validity of a hypothesis.
8. Treatment: specific level of a factor or any specific combination of levels of several factors.
9. Replicate: a replicate is a measurement or observation obtained under some experimental condition of various levels of factor.
10. Statistical Hypothesis: This is a method of making decisions using available data, whether experimental or an observational study (not controlled).
11. Completely Randomized Design (CRD): This is a method for designing experiment that uses random combination of factors to rule out effects on the result of the variation that are relevant to the problem being investigated. It considers only one factors.
12. Anova: Analysis of variance is an arithmetic procedure for partitioning the total sum of squares of experimental data into components associated with recognized sources of variation.
13. Duncan Multiple Range Test: these is one of the general class of multiple comparisons procedure that uses the studentized range statistics (RP) to compare sets of means
14. Bartlett Test: This is a test used in statistics to determine if samples in an experiment originated from population with equal variances.

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